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Thursday 3 May 2012
Digital Camera
Crazy Medicine
Bio-Data
Yaba, the Thai word for “crazy medicine,” is a tablet form of methamphetamine, a powerful stimulant. These synthetically produced pills contain 25 to 35 mg of methamphetamine and 45 to 65 mg of caffeine. Tablets are available in a variety of flavors (including grape, orange, and vanilla) and colors (most commonly reddish-orange or green). Various logos (commonly “WY” or “R”) adorn yaba tablets, which are the size of the end of a drinking straw. Yaba looks and tastes so much like candy that many young users (often including ecstasy users) underestimate its harmfulness. Methamphetamine is also available in powder (“crystal”) form, which can be processed into a rock (“ice”) or liquid form.
History
Methamphetamine was derived from amphetamine in Japan in 1919. Both of these chemicals were originally used in nasal decongestants and bronchial inhalers. Methamphetamine has also been used in the treatment of obesity. During World War II, the military in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and Japan used methamphetamines to fight fatigue and enhance performance. After the war, when military methamphetamine supplies became available to the public, abuse of intravenous methamphetamine became an epidemic in Japan. During the 1950’s in the United States, methamphetamine tablets were legally manufactured and used non-medically by students, truck drivers, and athletes. In 1970, the Controlled Substance Act restricted the use of methamphetamine and made it a Schedule II substance. Since yaba contains methamphetamine, it is also illegal.
Today, the United Wa State Army, the largest drug trafficking organization in Burma, is the primary manufacturer of yaba in Southeast Asia; Thailand is the primary market for these tablets. Yaba is a recent phenomenon in the United States, although it has been popular in Southeast and East Asia for some time. Methamphetamine tablets are sent primarily by mail to northern California and the Los Angeles area, and although the demand for yaba appears to be primarily in Asian communities, popularity is increasing among rave attendees.
Methods of Use
The most common method of using yaba is oral ingestion. Tablets can also be crushed into a powder and either snorted or mixed with a liquid and injected. In addition, tablets can be heated on aluminum foil to produce a vapor, which is then inhaled.
Effects
Yaba is a powerful central nervous system stimulant with longer-lasting effects than those of cocaine. This is because cocaine is metabolized in the body more quickly than methamphetamine. Effects produced by yaba will be dependent on the dose taken. Some effects include:
• Euphoria
• Insomnia
• Irritability and aggression
• Decreased appetite and nausea
• Hot flashes, dry mouth, and sweating
• Damage to the small blood vessels in the brain
• Increased alertness, wakefulness, and physical activity
• Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and body temperature
Effects of chronic abuse include:
• Tremors
• Hypertension
• Hallucinations
• Psychotic episodes
• Paranoid delusions
• Violent behavior
• Hyperthermia and convulsions
• Agitation, anxiety, and nervousness
• Mental confusion and memory loss
• Psychosis similar to schizophrenia (characterized by paranoia, picking at the skin, self absorption, and visual and auditory hallucinations)
Addiction, Tolerance, and Withdrawal
Methamphetamine in all forms is very dangerous and has a high potential for abuse and dependence. Moderate to chronic use of yaba and other methamphetamines may lead to physical and psychological dependence, and even death. Tolerance can develop with chronic use. In an effort to intensify the drug’s effects, users may take higher doses of the drug, take it more frequently, or change their method of drug intake. Some abusers may forego food and sleep while on a "run." A run consists of the injection of as much as a gram of the drug every 2 to 3 hours over several days until the user runs out of the drug or is too disorganized to continue. When an individual goes through withdrawal from high doses of yaba, as well as other forms of methamphetamine, severe depression often results.
Rise and fall in popularity in Thailand
Yaba tablets were sold at gas stations and commonly used by Thai truckers to stay awake. After many horrific long-distance bus accidents, they were outlawed by the Thai government in 1970. The deposed Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's campaign from 2003 onwards to eliminate drug-trafficking has further helped to curtail widespread use, in particular, use of the drug by bus drivers is not as widespread as it was in 1980's.
As a result of the Thai government crackdown, restricted supply has had a huge effect on prices, further curtailing the popular use of Yaba. In 1999-2000, when buying a straw-full (around 20 pills) in Mueang (Chiang Rai province, North Thailand), Yaba was sold for around ฿10 per pill and commonly used on the go-go circuit and by young 'MTV' clubbers.[citation needed] Retail prices have risen[when?] from 100–150 baht (US$3–4) to 250–450 baht per pill as a result of the crackdown, though it remains a popular party drug.
In 2000 Yaba was smuggled across the loose border with Myanmar and from the neighbouring Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai provinces of Thailand. Illegal traffickers often marketed or 'promoted' their product by claiming that the pills contained up to 6% heroin. Rumour suggested it was produced by the corrupt personnel of Wa State Army in Myanmar.[citation needed]
Other countries
In 2006, Yaba consumption became fashionable for the well-to-do in Bangladesh. A series of highly publicized drug raids in 2007 by authorities implicated some well-known business people there. When the owner of Hotel Purbani and his girlfriend were arrested for allegedly smuggling Yaba, it generated large media coverage.
In February 2010 it was reported that increasingly large quantities of Yaba are being smuggled into Israel by Thai migrant workers leading to fears that its use will spread to the Israeli club scene, where Ecstasy use is already common[2].
In recent years it has also been used by immigrant populations in the United States, and occasionally as a club drug replacing ecstasy.
The Truth and Facts about Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine is not what it seems.
Methamphetamine (meth) is a highly addictive, powerful stimulant that activates certain systems in the brain. It is closely related chemically to amphetamine, but the central nervous system effects of methamphetamine are greater. Both drugs have some limited therapeutic medical uses, primarily in the treatment of obesity.
In the short term, meth causes mind and mood changes such as anxiety, euphoria, and depression. Long-term effects can include chronic fatigue, paranoid or delusional thinking, and permanent psychological damage. It can also cause aggression and violent or psychotic behavior.
Methamphetamine also affects your body. Creating a false sense of energy, this drug pushes the body faster and further than it's meant to go. It increases the heart rate, blood pressure, and risk of stroke. An overdose of meth can result in heart failure. Long-term physical effects such as liver, kidney, and lung damage may also kill you.
The use of methamphetamine creates a buildup of dopamine, which results in a feeling of euphoria. Because meth stays in the brain longer than other stimulants like cocaine, the effects of its addiction last longer. This is one reason it is believed that meth is more addictive than cocaine or heroin. Meth’s addiction is associated with serious health problems such as memory loss, aggression, potential brain damage and contributes to increased transmission of hepatitis and HIV/AIDS.
There are a number of reasons that a person may develop an addiction to meth. For a student or athlete it may start because of the initial heightened physical and mental performance. A blue collar worker, for instance, may use it to stay up and work extra shifts. Young women often become addicted in order to lose weight. Methamphetamines are becoming a staple drug at raves or in the bars and clubs.
Methamphetamine is illegal in all states and highly dangerous. Methamphetamine can kill you, your friends, and your family.
Street Names
Methamphetamine is also known as "speed" or "crystal" when it is swallowed or sniffed; as "crank" when it is injected; and as "ice" or "glass" when it is smoked.
Other names:
Chalk, Croak, Crypto, Crystal, Fire, Glass, Tweek, White Cross. Ice is clear chunky crystal form of meth that resembles "ice."
Traditionally, Asian-produced ice was almost exclusively found in Guam, Hawaii, and parts of California; however, increased domestic production of this form of methamphetamine has increased availability to several other areas of the country previously untouched by exposure to ice.
YABA: Thai for "crazy medicine," Yaba, a methamphetamine tablet, has been appearing in the United States. The pills are a combination of the stimulants methamphetamine and caffeine. Yaba tablets are sometimes flavored (grape, orange, and vanilla): tasting like candy, the tablets are obviously marketed to a young audience, particularly at rave’s or parties where Ecstasy (a similar looking drug) has been well established. The tablets are commonly reddish-orange or green, and fit inside the end of a drinking straw. They have a variety of logos, with “WY” the most common. Methamphetamine pills are normally ingested orally, although they can be crushed into powder and administered.
How is Methamphetamine Used?
Methamphetamine comes in many forms and can be smoked, snorted, orally ingested, or injected. The preferred method of use varies among geographical regions, and the drug alters moods in different ways, depending on how it is taken. This powerfully addictive stimulant is associated with serious health conditions, including memory loss, aggression, psychotic behavior, and potential brain damage; it also contributes to increased transmission of hepatitis and HIV/AIDS.
All forms of methamphetamine are extremely dangerous and induce long-lasting, debilitating effects.
Background
Meth was developed in 1919 by a Japanese chemist and was used in World War II to help soldiers stay awake and energized. Even then, abuse of this drug occurred. Methamphetamines are still prescribed in the United States today for the treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and obesity. It is prescribed with great caution due to the highly addictive nature of the drug which leads to meth abuse.
In the 1950's the United States legally manufactured Methedrine (methamphetamine tablets) and meth became readily available to college students, truck drivers and athletes. As use of amphetamines spread, so did the abuse. In the 1970 the Controlled Substances Act increased restriction on producing injectable methamphetamine due to its potential for abuse.
Methamphetamine abuse, long reported as the dominant drug problem in the San Diego, CA, area, has become a substantial drug problem in other sections of the West and Southwest, as well. There are indications that it is spreading to other areas of the country, including both rural and urban sections of the South and Midwest. Methamphetamine, traditionally associated with white, male, blue-collar workers, is being used by more diverse population groups that change over time and differ by geographic area. According to the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, an estimated 8.8 million people (4.0 percent of the population) have tried methamphetamine at some time in their lives.
Data from the 2000 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), which collects information on drug-related episodes from hospital emergency departments in 21 metropolitan areas, reported that methamphetamine-related episodes increased from approximately 10,400 in 1999 to 13,500 in 2000, a 30 percent increase. However, there was a significant decrease in methamphetamine-related episodes reported between 1997 (17,200) and 1998(11,500).
Where is it Currently Made?
Illicit methamphetamine, which is almost exclusively methamphetamine hydrochloride, is sold in powder, ice, and tablet forms. Powder methamphetamine, the most common form available in the United States, is produced domestically and also is smuggled into the country from Mexico. Two-thirds of our country's meth supply is produced in super labs in Mexico and Southern California run by organized crime and street gangs. The remaining third is made in the U.S. in makeshift meth labs found in basements, kitchens, garages, bedrooms, barns, vacant buildings, campgrounds, hotels and motels and trunks of cars.
How is it Made?
Meth is made from a fairly simple recipe found on the internet and can be produced in as few as 6 to 8 hours using apparatus and cookware that can be quickly dismantled and stored or relocated to avoid detection. Some of the ingredients commonly used to make meth are over-the-counter cold medications containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, red phosphorous, hydrochloric acid, anhydrous ammonia, drain cleaner, battery acid, lye, lantern fuel, and antifreeze. The fumes, vapors, and spillage associated with cooking meth can be toxic and explosive – and hazardous to children, adults and the environment.
Dangers and effects
Immediate feelings are of light-headedness (and potentially dizziness), followed by euphoria, increased physical activity, heightened alertness and increased wakefulness as a result of the central nervous system being affected. After several hours the user experiences the come-down and feels decreased appetite, increased respiration and hypothermia[3].
Long term effects
Methamphetamine is highly addictive, with a long-term drug user taking 5-10 pills daily. Post come-down effects include irritability, insomnia, confusion, tremors, convulsions, anxiety, paranoia, and aggressiveness.[citation needed]
Hair loss can also be an indicator of a long-term user,[citation needed] either as a direct result of the drug intake, or indirectly through the user becoming withdrawn and anxious and contracting behavioural habits, such as hair pulling. Other reported symptoms also include lower back pain, possibly from damage to the liver or kidneys.
Toxicity to the Environment:
Did you know that 1lb of meth = 5 lbs of toxic waste? Making meth produces toxic waste. One in five sites is discovered only because of a chemical explosion. Law enforcement officers who raid drug labs are required to have special training to handle these hazardous materials. Cleaning up a meth lab requires hazardous waste protection and can cost thousands of dollars. In 2004, more than 10,000 meth lab cleanups cost more than $18.6 million. Leftover chemicals from the methamphetamine labs have been found on highways, in parks and forests, groundwater, and sewer systems. The residue from the drug manufacturing poses long-term hazards to communities especially in agricultural areas.
...All Of My Friends Also Be Carefully this Crazy Medicine...
Yaba, the Thai word for “crazy medicine,” is a tablet form of methamphetamine, a powerful stimulant. These synthetically produced pills contain 25 to 35 mg of methamphetamine and 45 to 65 mg of caffeine. Tablets are available in a variety of flavors (including grape, orange, and vanilla) and colors (most commonly reddish-orange or green). Various logos (commonly “WY” or “R”) adorn yaba tablets, which are the size of the end of a drinking straw. Yaba looks and tastes so much like candy that many young users (often including ecstasy users) underestimate its harmfulness. Methamphetamine is also available in powder (“crystal”) form, which can be processed into a rock (“ice”) or liquid form.
History
Methamphetamine was derived from amphetamine in Japan in 1919. Both of these chemicals were originally used in nasal decongestants and bronchial inhalers. Methamphetamine has also been used in the treatment of obesity. During World War II, the military in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and Japan used methamphetamines to fight fatigue and enhance performance. After the war, when military methamphetamine supplies became available to the public, abuse of intravenous methamphetamine became an epidemic in Japan. During the 1950’s in the United States, methamphetamine tablets were legally manufactured and used non-medically by students, truck drivers, and athletes. In 1970, the Controlled Substance Act restricted the use of methamphetamine and made it a Schedule II substance. Since yaba contains methamphetamine, it is also illegal.
Today, the United Wa State Army, the largest drug trafficking organization in Burma, is the primary manufacturer of yaba in Southeast Asia; Thailand is the primary market for these tablets. Yaba is a recent phenomenon in the United States, although it has been popular in Southeast and East Asia for some time. Methamphetamine tablets are sent primarily by mail to northern California and the Los Angeles area, and although the demand for yaba appears to be primarily in Asian communities, popularity is increasing among rave attendees.
Methods of Use
The most common method of using yaba is oral ingestion. Tablets can also be crushed into a powder and either snorted or mixed with a liquid and injected. In addition, tablets can be heated on aluminum foil to produce a vapor, which is then inhaled.
Effects
Yaba is a powerful central nervous system stimulant with longer-lasting effects than those of cocaine. This is because cocaine is metabolized in the body more quickly than methamphetamine. Effects produced by yaba will be dependent on the dose taken. Some effects include:
• Euphoria
• Insomnia
• Irritability and aggression
• Decreased appetite and nausea
• Hot flashes, dry mouth, and sweating
• Damage to the small blood vessels in the brain
• Increased alertness, wakefulness, and physical activity
• Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and body temperature
Effects of chronic abuse include:
• Tremors
• Hypertension
• Hallucinations
• Psychotic episodes
• Paranoid delusions
• Violent behavior
• Hyperthermia and convulsions
• Agitation, anxiety, and nervousness
• Mental confusion and memory loss
• Psychosis similar to schizophrenia (characterized by paranoia, picking at the skin, self absorption, and visual and auditory hallucinations)
Addiction, Tolerance, and Withdrawal
Methamphetamine in all forms is very dangerous and has a high potential for abuse and dependence. Moderate to chronic use of yaba and other methamphetamines may lead to physical and psychological dependence, and even death. Tolerance can develop with chronic use. In an effort to intensify the drug’s effects, users may take higher doses of the drug, take it more frequently, or change their method of drug intake. Some abusers may forego food and sleep while on a "run." A run consists of the injection of as much as a gram of the drug every 2 to 3 hours over several days until the user runs out of the drug or is too disorganized to continue. When an individual goes through withdrawal from high doses of yaba, as well as other forms of methamphetamine, severe depression often results.
Rise and fall in popularity in Thailand
Yaba tablets were sold at gas stations and commonly used by Thai truckers to stay awake. After many horrific long-distance bus accidents, they were outlawed by the Thai government in 1970. The deposed Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's campaign from 2003 onwards to eliminate drug-trafficking has further helped to curtail widespread use, in particular, use of the drug by bus drivers is not as widespread as it was in 1980's.
As a result of the Thai government crackdown, restricted supply has had a huge effect on prices, further curtailing the popular use of Yaba. In 1999-2000, when buying a straw-full (around 20 pills) in Mueang (Chiang Rai province, North Thailand), Yaba was sold for around ฿10 per pill and commonly used on the go-go circuit and by young 'MTV' clubbers.[citation needed] Retail prices have risen[when?] from 100–150 baht (US$3–4) to 250–450 baht per pill as a result of the crackdown, though it remains a popular party drug.
In 2000 Yaba was smuggled across the loose border with Myanmar and from the neighbouring Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai provinces of Thailand. Illegal traffickers often marketed or 'promoted' their product by claiming that the pills contained up to 6% heroin. Rumour suggested it was produced by the corrupt personnel of Wa State Army in Myanmar.[citation needed]
Other countries
In 2006, Yaba consumption became fashionable for the well-to-do in Bangladesh. A series of highly publicized drug raids in 2007 by authorities implicated some well-known business people there. When the owner of Hotel Purbani and his girlfriend were arrested for allegedly smuggling Yaba, it generated large media coverage.
In February 2010 it was reported that increasingly large quantities of Yaba are being smuggled into Israel by Thai migrant workers leading to fears that its use will spread to the Israeli club scene, where Ecstasy use is already common[2].
In recent years it has also been used by immigrant populations in the United States, and occasionally as a club drug replacing ecstasy.
The Truth and Facts about Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine is not what it seems.
Methamphetamine (meth) is a highly addictive, powerful stimulant that activates certain systems in the brain. It is closely related chemically to amphetamine, but the central nervous system effects of methamphetamine are greater. Both drugs have some limited therapeutic medical uses, primarily in the treatment of obesity.
In the short term, meth causes mind and mood changes such as anxiety, euphoria, and depression. Long-term effects can include chronic fatigue, paranoid or delusional thinking, and permanent psychological damage. It can also cause aggression and violent or psychotic behavior.
Methamphetamine also affects your body. Creating a false sense of energy, this drug pushes the body faster and further than it's meant to go. It increases the heart rate, blood pressure, and risk of stroke. An overdose of meth can result in heart failure. Long-term physical effects such as liver, kidney, and lung damage may also kill you.
The use of methamphetamine creates a buildup of dopamine, which results in a feeling of euphoria. Because meth stays in the brain longer than other stimulants like cocaine, the effects of its addiction last longer. This is one reason it is believed that meth is more addictive than cocaine or heroin. Meth’s addiction is associated with serious health problems such as memory loss, aggression, potential brain damage and contributes to increased transmission of hepatitis and HIV/AIDS.
There are a number of reasons that a person may develop an addiction to meth. For a student or athlete it may start because of the initial heightened physical and mental performance. A blue collar worker, for instance, may use it to stay up and work extra shifts. Young women often become addicted in order to lose weight. Methamphetamines are becoming a staple drug at raves or in the bars and clubs.
Methamphetamine is illegal in all states and highly dangerous. Methamphetamine can kill you, your friends, and your family.
Street Names
Methamphetamine is also known as "speed" or "crystal" when it is swallowed or sniffed; as "crank" when it is injected; and as "ice" or "glass" when it is smoked.
Other names:
Chalk, Croak, Crypto, Crystal, Fire, Glass, Tweek, White Cross. Ice is clear chunky crystal form of meth that resembles "ice."
Traditionally, Asian-produced ice was almost exclusively found in Guam, Hawaii, and parts of California; however, increased domestic production of this form of methamphetamine has increased availability to several other areas of the country previously untouched by exposure to ice.
YABA: Thai for "crazy medicine," Yaba, a methamphetamine tablet, has been appearing in the United States. The pills are a combination of the stimulants methamphetamine and caffeine. Yaba tablets are sometimes flavored (grape, orange, and vanilla): tasting like candy, the tablets are obviously marketed to a young audience, particularly at rave’s or parties where Ecstasy (a similar looking drug) has been well established. The tablets are commonly reddish-orange or green, and fit inside the end of a drinking straw. They have a variety of logos, with “WY” the most common. Methamphetamine pills are normally ingested orally, although they can be crushed into powder and administered.
How is Methamphetamine Used?
Methamphetamine comes in many forms and can be smoked, snorted, orally ingested, or injected. The preferred method of use varies among geographical regions, and the drug alters moods in different ways, depending on how it is taken. This powerfully addictive stimulant is associated with serious health conditions, including memory loss, aggression, psychotic behavior, and potential brain damage; it also contributes to increased transmission of hepatitis and HIV/AIDS.
All forms of methamphetamine are extremely dangerous and induce long-lasting, debilitating effects.
Background
Meth was developed in 1919 by a Japanese chemist and was used in World War II to help soldiers stay awake and energized. Even then, abuse of this drug occurred. Methamphetamines are still prescribed in the United States today for the treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and obesity. It is prescribed with great caution due to the highly addictive nature of the drug which leads to meth abuse.
In the 1950's the United States legally manufactured Methedrine (methamphetamine tablets) and meth became readily available to college students, truck drivers and athletes. As use of amphetamines spread, so did the abuse. In the 1970 the Controlled Substances Act increased restriction on producing injectable methamphetamine due to its potential for abuse.
Methamphetamine abuse, long reported as the dominant drug problem in the San Diego, CA, area, has become a substantial drug problem in other sections of the West and Southwest, as well. There are indications that it is spreading to other areas of the country, including both rural and urban sections of the South and Midwest. Methamphetamine, traditionally associated with white, male, blue-collar workers, is being used by more diverse population groups that change over time and differ by geographic area. According to the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, an estimated 8.8 million people (4.0 percent of the population) have tried methamphetamine at some time in their lives.
Data from the 2000 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), which collects information on drug-related episodes from hospital emergency departments in 21 metropolitan areas, reported that methamphetamine-related episodes increased from approximately 10,400 in 1999 to 13,500 in 2000, a 30 percent increase. However, there was a significant decrease in methamphetamine-related episodes reported between 1997 (17,200) and 1998(11,500).
Where is it Currently Made?
Illicit methamphetamine, which is almost exclusively methamphetamine hydrochloride, is sold in powder, ice, and tablet forms. Powder methamphetamine, the most common form available in the United States, is produced domestically and also is smuggled into the country from Mexico. Two-thirds of our country's meth supply is produced in super labs in Mexico and Southern California run by organized crime and street gangs. The remaining third is made in the U.S. in makeshift meth labs found in basements, kitchens, garages, bedrooms, barns, vacant buildings, campgrounds, hotels and motels and trunks of cars.
How is it Made?
Meth is made from a fairly simple recipe found on the internet and can be produced in as few as 6 to 8 hours using apparatus and cookware that can be quickly dismantled and stored or relocated to avoid detection. Some of the ingredients commonly used to make meth are over-the-counter cold medications containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, red phosphorous, hydrochloric acid, anhydrous ammonia, drain cleaner, battery acid, lye, lantern fuel, and antifreeze. The fumes, vapors, and spillage associated with cooking meth can be toxic and explosive – and hazardous to children, adults and the environment.
Dangers and effects
Immediate feelings are of light-headedness (and potentially dizziness), followed by euphoria, increased physical activity, heightened alertness and increased wakefulness as a result of the central nervous system being affected. After several hours the user experiences the come-down and feels decreased appetite, increased respiration and hypothermia[3].
Long term effects
Methamphetamine is highly addictive, with a long-term drug user taking 5-10 pills daily. Post come-down effects include irritability, insomnia, confusion, tremors, convulsions, anxiety, paranoia, and aggressiveness.[citation needed]
Hair loss can also be an indicator of a long-term user,[citation needed] either as a direct result of the drug intake, or indirectly through the user becoming withdrawn and anxious and contracting behavioural habits, such as hair pulling. Other reported symptoms also include lower back pain, possibly from damage to the liver or kidneys.
Toxicity to the Environment:
Did you know that 1lb of meth = 5 lbs of toxic waste? Making meth produces toxic waste. One in five sites is discovered only because of a chemical explosion. Law enforcement officers who raid drug labs are required to have special training to handle these hazardous materials. Cleaning up a meth lab requires hazardous waste protection and can cost thousands of dollars. In 2004, more than 10,000 meth lab cleanups cost more than $18.6 million. Leftover chemicals from the methamphetamine labs have been found on highways, in parks and forests, groundwater, and sewer systems. The residue from the drug manufacturing poses long-term hazards to communities especially in agricultural areas.
...All Of My Friends Also Be Carefully this Crazy Medicine...
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